Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Co-encapsulated liposomal formulations of tubacin and erlotinib.HCl: a comprehensive stability strategy

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.08.681158

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of co-loaded liposomes pre- and post-FD with the Telstar ® . Encapsulation efficiency and drug concentrations in µM ( A ) and sizes with PDIs identified by DLS in batch-mode ( B ). AF4-DLS-MALS analysis of liposome pre-( C ) and post-FD ( D ). Rg/Rh ratio or shape factor pre-( E ) and post-FD ( F ). *** = p<0.001, **** = p<0.0001, ns = non-significance. N=3 ± SD.

Article Snippet: Measurements were conducted by AF4 (AF2000 system, Postnova Analytics, Landsberg, Germany).

Techniques: Liposomes, Encapsulation

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: The MD-AF4 method can help both drug developers and regulators alike to better characterize the physical properties of liposomal drug formulations. The method offers much more than simply size analysis, as highlighted in this diagram.

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Top from left to right, schematic illustration of injection/focusing/relaxation step, elution with fractionation, and resulting fractogram for AF4. Bottom left to right, simplified flow diagram showing principal components of MD-AF4 instrument systems used in this study .

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques: Injection, Fractionation

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of elution programs applied to Dox1. AF4 fractograms resulting from different elution programs (normalized excess Rayleigh ratio at 90°), R g (line) and the R h (dots) as a function of elution time for injection of 25 μg of Dox1. Constant XF = 0.3 (black), exponential decay from XF = 1.0 to 0 in 60 min (red) and linear decay from XF = 1.0 to 0 in 30 min (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques: Comparison, Injection

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of the upper size limits using online detectors. AF4 fractograms (normalized excess Rayleigh ratio at 90°) for PSL (15–100) nm (radius) with R h at FWHM (dots) overlaid. (Top) A) MALS (Wyatt), B) online QELS and C) online Zetasizer (Malvern) measured at DF = 0.5. (Bottom) radius measured at DF = 1.0 by D) MALS, E) online QELS and F) online Zetasizer.

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimized AF4 fractionation method for liposomal formulations.

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques: Fractionation, Membrane, Injection

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dox2: Batch DLS vs AF4 analysis using the optimized method. A) Batch DLS of Dox 2, B) Fractograms showing the elution profile of three replicate injections (normalized excess Rayleigh ratio at 90°), R g (line) and R h (dots)versus elution time after injecting 25 μg of Dox2. Blue arrows indicate identifiable component populations. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Measurement of Dox1 and Dox2 in complex media. AF4 fractograms (normalized excess Rayleigh ratio at 90°), the R g (line) and R h (dots) versus elution time by injecting A) Dox1 and B) Dox2 with (red) and without (black) 10% FBS. Orange fractogram is the PBS + 10% FBS control. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

Article Title: Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation

doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Work flow chart showing principal steps in MD-AF4 method application. Both quality control (A) and fractionation/analysis results (B) must yield green arrows to meet overall method acceptance criteria, with QC preceding sample analysis.

Article Snippet: Included were an Eclipse DualTec (Wyatt Technology), an Eclipse AF4 (Wyatt Technology) and an AF2000 Multiflow FFF (Postnova Analytics).

Techniques: Control, Fractionation